Self-Injury Definition: The deliberate, direct destruction or alteration of
body tissue without conscious suicidal intent, but resulting in
injury severe enough for tissue damage (e.g., scarring) to occur.
References of self-injury have been noted through the Medieval ages when medical remedies consisted of bloodletting, blistering and purging, and during the 11th century there were reports of nuns and saints starving/purging, flagellating and scaring themselves. Although these are societal instances of self-injury rather than the individual kind performed alone and secretively, logic tells us that self-injury has been a part of the human condition since the beginning of time. In 1846 the first case of self-injury was published. In this case a guilt-ridden widow enucleated both of her eyes. The phenomenon of self-injury has perplexed the medical environment.
In 1938 Physician Karl Menninger wrote, “Local self-destruction is a form of partial suicide to avert total suicide.” This theory was expanded on by Norman Farberow into the classification of ‘indirect self-destructive behavior’ (direct self-destructive behavior being complete suicide or suicide attempts). Following this classification, “death results gradually rather than immediately, and in which the degree of intentionality is less obvious than in an overt suicide attempt.” Before the 1990′s self-injury was viewed as a failed suicide. In 1998 Armando Favazza, M.D. wrote, “…self-mutilation is distinct from suicide. Major reviews have upheld this distinction. . . A basic understanding is that a person who truly attempts suicide seeks to end all feelings whereas a person who self-mutilates seeks to feel better.”
Today the most widely accepted classification of self injury comes from Favazza and they are: major, stereotypic and moderate/superficial. Moderate/superficial is further broken-down into three sub-categories of compulsive, episodic, and repetitive. Major self-mutilation (including such things as castration, amputation of limbs, enucleation of eyes, etc) is rare and usually associated with psychotic states. Stereotypic self-injury comprises the sort of rhythmic head-banging, etc, seen in autistic, mentally retarded, and psychotic people. Moderate/superficial is the most common form of self-injury. This category includes cutting, burning, scratching, skin-picking, hair-pulling, bone-breaking, hitting, deliberate overuse injuries, interference with wound healing, and virtually any other method of inflicting damage on oneself.
The first sub-category of moderate/superficial self-injury is Compulsive. This is associated with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and includes hair-pulling, skin picking, and excoriation when it is done to remove perceived faults or blemishes in the skin. The other two sub-categories of moderate/superficial self-injury, Episodic and Repetitive, are both impulsive in nature and differ only in the degree. Episodic behavior is engaged in every so often by people who don’t think about the act otherwise and don’t view themselves as ‘self-injurers’. In repetitive self-injury the person thinks about self-harm even when not doing it and identifies themselves as a self-injurer. Episodic self-harm can easily become repetitive self-harm.
Even with Favazza’s classifications researchers still use such terms as parasuicide, focal suicide, self-attack, self-mutilation, autoaggression, symbolic wounding and non-fatal deliberate self-harm. However most do recognize that self-injurers do not intend to die as a result of their acts.
And that’s the point. I only want to feel better…
them with a mound of melted shredded cheese. And butter? If I was able to put butter on whatever had melted cheese then utopia had been achieved. I was and always will be a cheese and butter snob. The low fat/no fat diet is not bipolar-induced but it has caused a depressive episode. My doctor suggested we find something to replace the things I can longer do. I said I could always take an ativan. Silence. More silence. She refilled my prescriptions and sent me on my way. When I got home I noticed that my ativan was refilled for only six months and not the usual year as my other meds were. Of course I was joking about the ativan. I take ativan as a maintenance drug and I do not use it other than prescribed. But I realized I now have nothing to give me that intoxicated feeling except my mania. It used to be that I would get a gambling rush, an alcohol buzz, a sugar high and a fatty food daze. I guess I will need to wait for my manic side to show up so that I can have a good time (to a point). I’ll always remember something a friend of my son said after seeing my husband and I returning from a Christmas party. He said, ‘Wow, your mom is really funny when she’s drunk.” My son replied, “My mom doesn’t drink.”
